When I tried to login again to my Win7 PC at work after lunch:
In English:
The trust relationship between this workstation and the primary domain failed.
In German:
Das Vertrauensverhältnis zwischen dieser Arbeitsstation und der primären Domäne konnte nicht hergestellt werden.
I tried WIFI, and it worked. I tried my colleague’s docking station, and it worked. Swapped ethernet plugs, and it worked. I used my own docking station again, and it worked, and apparently the problem had disappeared.